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Fertile Crescent On A Map

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Crescent-shaped fertile region within the Middle East

Map of the Fertile Crescent

A 15th century copy of Ptolemy's fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent.

A 15th century copy of Ptolemy'southward fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (Standard arabic: الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle E, spanning mod-twenty-four hours Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, State of israel, Palestine and Jordan, together with the northern region of Kuwait, southeastern region of Turkey and the western portion of Iran.[1] [2] Some authors also include Republic of cyprus and Northern Egypt.

The Fertile Crescent is the very first region where settled farming emerged as people started the process of clearance and modification of natural vegetation to abound newly domesticated plants equally crops. Early homo civilizations such as Sumer in Mesopotamia flourished as a result.[3] Technological advances in the region include the development of agronomics and the use of irrigation, of writing, the bike, and glass, most emerging first in Mesopotamia.

Terminology [edit]

1916 map of the Fertile Crescent by James H. Breasted, who popularised usage of the phrase.

The term "Fertile Crescent" was popularized by archeologist James Henry Breasted in Outlines of European History (1914) and Ancient Times, A History of the Early World (1916).[iv] [5] [6] [7] [eight] [9] Breasted wrote:[four]

This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle, with the open side toward the south, having the w end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean, the eye direct north of Arabia, and the e end at the north end of the Persian Gulf (encounter map, p. 100). It lies similar an army facing southward, with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Farsi Gulf, while the centre has its back against the northern mountains. The end of the western wing is Palestine; Assyria makes up a large part of the center; while the stop of the eastern wing is Babylonia.

This great semicircle, for lack of a name, may be called the Fertile Crescent.1 It may also be likened to the shores of a desert-bay, upon which the mountains behind look down—a bay non of h2o but of sandy waste, some eight hundred kilometres beyond, forming a northern extension of the Arabian desert and sweeping as far north as the latitude of the northeast corner of the Mediterranean. This desert-bay is a limestone plateau of some tiptop—too high indeed to be watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, which have cut cañons obliquely beyond it. Nevertheless, later on the meager wintertime rains, wide tracts of the northern desert-bay are clothed with scanty grass, and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands. The history of Western Asia may be described as an age-long struggle betwixt the mount peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands—a struggle which is still going on—for the possession of the Fertile Crescent, the shores of the desert-bay.

1 In that location is no name, either geographical or political, which includes all of this peachy semicircle (see map, p. 100). Hence we are obliged to coin a term and telephone call it the Fertile Crescent.

In current usage, the Fertile Crescent includes Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syrian arab republic, Lebanese republic, Arab republic of egypt, and Jordan, equally well every bit the surrounding portions of Turkey and Iran. In improver to the Tigris and Euphrates, riverwater sources include the Jordan River. The inner boundary is delimited past the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south. Around the outer boundary are the Anatolian and Armenian highlands to the n, the Sahara Desert to the west, Sudan to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the due east.[ citation needed ]

Biodiversity and climate [edit]

As crucial as rivers and marshlands were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent, they were not the only factor. The area is geographically important as the "span" between North Africa and Eurasia, which has allowed it to retain a greater amount of biodiversity than either Europe or North Africa, where climate changes during the Ice Age led to repeated extinction events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The Saharan pump theory posits that this Middle Eastern land bridge was extremely important to the modern distribution of Old World flora and beast, including the spread of humanity.[ citation needed ]

The area has borne the brunt of the tectonic divergence between the African and Arabian plates and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates, which has made the region a very diverse zone of loftier snowfall-covered mountains.[ citation needed ]

The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates, and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many "r" type annual plants, which produce more edible seeds than "K" blazon perennial plants. The region'southward dramatic variety in pinnacle gave rise to many species of edible plants for early on experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e., wild progenitors to emmer wheat, einkorn, barley, flax, chick pea, pea, lentil, bitter vetch), and four of the five near important species of domesticated animals—cows, goats, sheep, and pigs; the 5th species, the horse, lived nearby.[10] The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self-pollinate, only may also exist cross-pollinated.[10] These plants, called "selfers", were one of the geographical advantages of the expanse considering they did not depend on other plants for reproduction.[x]

History [edit]

Likewise equally possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-mod and early on mod humans (e.g., at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel), after Pleistocene hunter-gatherers, and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the Natufians); the Fertile Crescent is almost famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture. The western zone around the Hashemite kingdom of jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements (referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BCE and includes very ancient sites such as Göbekli Tepe, Chogha Golan, and Jericho (Tell es-Sultan).

This region, alongside Mesopotamia (Greek for "between rivers", between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, lies in the e of the Fertile Crescent), as well saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age. At that place is also early on evidence from the region for writing and the formation of hierarchical state level societies. This has earned the region the nickname "The cradle of culture".

Information technology is in this region where the beginning libraries appeared about iv,500 years agone. The oldest known libraries are institute in Nippur (in Sumer) and Ebla (in Syria), both from c. 2500 BCE.[xi]

Both the Tigris and Euphrates get-go in the Taurus Mountains of what is modern-24-hour interval Turkey. Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year. Northern Mesopotamia had sufficient rain to make some farming possible. To protect confronting flooding they made levees.[12]

Since the Bronze Historic period, the region's natural fertility has been profoundly extended past irrigation works, upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend. The last 2 millennia have seen repeated cycles of reject and recovery equally past works accept fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states, to be replaced nether their successors. Another ongoing trouble has been salination—gradual concentration of salt and other minerals in soils with a long history of irrigation.

Early on domestications [edit]

Prehistoric seedless figs were discovered at Gilgal I in the Jordan Valley, suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago.[13] Cereals were already grown in Syria as long as ix,000 years agone.[14] Pocket-sized cats (Felis silvestris) too were domesticated in this region.[15] Also, legumes including peas, lentils and chickpea were domesticated in this region.

Domesticated animals include the cattle, sheep, goat, domestic pig, true cat, and domestic goose.

Cosmopolitan improvidence [edit]

Maunsell's map, a Pre-Earth War I British Ethnographical Map of the Fertile Crescent area

Improvidence of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent subsequently 9000 BCE

Mod analyses[16] [17] comparing 24 craniofacial measurements reveal a relatively diverse population within the pre-Neolithic, Neolithic and Statuary Age Fertile Crescent,[sixteen] supporting the view that several populations occupied this region during these time periods.[sixteen] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Similar arguments do not hold true for the Basques and Canary Islanders of the same time flow, equally the studies demonstrate those ancient peoples to be "clearly associated with modern Europeans". Additionally, no bear witness from the studies demonstrates Cro-Magnon influence, contrary to onetime suggestions.[sixteen]

The studies further propose a diffusion of this diverse population away from the Fertile Crescent, with the early on migrants moving away from the Near Due east—westward into Europe and North Africa, due north to Crimea, and northeastward to Mongolia.[16] They took their agricultural practices with them and interbred with the hunter-gatherers whom they subsequently came in contact with while perpetuating their farming practices. This supports prior genetic[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] and archaeological[16] [29] [thirty] [31] [32] [33] studies which accept all arrived at the same conclusion.

Consequently, contemporary in situ peoples absorbed the agricultural way of life of those early on migrants who ventured out of the Fertile Crescent. This is reverse to the suggestion that the spread of agriculture disseminated out of the Fertile Crescent by style of sharing of noesis. Instead, the view at present supported by a preponderance of testify is that information technology occurred by actual migration out of the region, coupled with subsequent interbreeding with ethnic local populations whom the migrants came in contact with.[sixteen]

The studies show also that non all present day Europeans share potent genetic affinities to the Neolithic and Statuary Age inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent; the closest ties to the Fertile Crescent rest with Southern Europeans. The same study further demonstrates all present-mean solar day Europeans to be closely related.[16]

Languages [edit]

Linguistically, the Fertile Crescent was a region of great diversity. Historically, Semitic languages generally prevailed in the mod regions of Iraq, Syrian arab republic, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Sinai and the fringes of southeast Turkey and northwest Iran, equally well every bit the Sumerian (a linguistic communication isolate) in Republic of iraq, whilst in the mountainous areas to the eastward and north a number of generally unrelated language isolates were found, including; Elamite, Gutian and Kassite in Islamic republic of iran, and Hattic, Kaskian and Hurro-Urartian in Turkey. The precise affiliation of these, and their date of arrival, remain topics of scholarly discussion. However, given lack of textual evidence for the earliest era of prehistory, this debate is unlikely to exist resolved in the near futurity.

The bear witness that does be suggests that, by the 3rd millennium BCE and into the second, several language groups already existed in the region. These included:[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]

  • Proto-Euphratean language: a not-Semitic language previously hypothesized to exist the substratum language of the people that introduced farming into Southern Iraq in the Early Ubaid period. (5300–4700 BCE) The linguistic consensus today is that multiple unknown substrata contributed to the germination of the artifacts in Sumerian names that motivated the Proto-Euphratean substrate hypothesis, including fossilized archaic elements from earlier stages of Sumerian itself.[40] Another theory proposes that the pre-writing substrate was an early Indo-European linguistic communication tentatively called Euphratic.[41]
  • Sumerian: a non-Semitic language isolate that displays a Sprachbund-blazon human relationship with neighbouring Semitic Akkadian
  • Elamite language: a non-Semitic linguistic communication isolate
  • Semitic languages: Akkadian (aka Assyrian and Babylonian), Eblaite, Amorite, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Canaanite languages (including Hebrew, Moabite, Edomite, Phoenician/Carthaginian)
  • Hattic: a linguistic communication isolate, spoken originally in central Anatolia
  • Indo-European languages: generally believed to be subsequently intrusive languages arriving later on 2000 BCE, such every bit Hittite, Luwian and the Indo-Aryan material attested in the Mitanni civilization
  • Egyptian: a stand up-alone co-operative of the Afroasiatic languages confined to Egypt
  • Hurro-Urartian languages, a small family. The Kassite language spoken in the northern function of the region may have belonged to this family.

Links between Hurro-Urartian and Hattic and the ethnic languages of the Caucasus take frequently been suggested, but are not generally accustomed.

See likewise [edit]

  • Beth Nahrain
  • Hilly Flanks
  • History of agriculture
  • History of Mesopotamia
  • Hydraulic empire

References [edit]

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  3. ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Fertile Crescent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Cambridge Academy Press. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last thirteen,000 Years, 1997.
  • Anderson, Clifford Norman. The Fertile Crescent: Travels In the Footsteps of Ancient Science. second ed., rev. Fort Lauderdale: Sylvester Press, 1972.
  • Deckers, Katleen. Holocene Landscapes Through Time In the Fertile Crescent. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.
  • Ephʻal, Israel. The Ancient Arabs: Nomads On the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th–5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982.
  • Kajzer, Małgorzata, Łukasz Miszk, and Maciej Wacławik. The Land of Fertility I: Due south-East Mediterranean Since the Bronze Age to the Muslim Conquest. Newcastle upon Tyne, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
  • Kozłowski, Stefan Karol. The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
  • Potts, Daniel T. (21 May 2012). Potts, D. T (ed.). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1445. doi:10.1002/9781444360790. ISBN9781405189880.
  • Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (xv September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Aboriginal Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). OUP. p. 1174. ISBN9780195376142.
  • Thomas, Alexander R. The Evolution of the Ancient City: Urban Theory and the Archaeology of the Fertile Crescent. Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.

External links [edit]

  • Ancient Fertile Crescent Nearly Gone, Satellite Images Testify– from National Geographic News, May eighteen, 2001. Archived October 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  • http://world wide web.claudiusptolemy.org/AbshireGusevStafeyev_ProceedingsVenice2017.pdf Corey Abshire , Dmitri Gusev , Sergey Stafeyev The Fertile Crescent in Ptolemy's "Geography": a new digital reconstruction for modernistic GIS tools

Coordinates: 36°N twoscore°E  /  36°Due north 40°E  / 36; 40

Fertile Crescent On A Map,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent

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